Towards hybridizing and intensifying electrochemical disinfection techniques
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.57056/ajet.v9i1.160Keywords:
Disinfection by-products, Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, Electrocoagulation (EC), Electrolytic water splitting, Antibiotic-resistant genes, Reactive oxygen speciesAbstract
Halting the transmission of waterborne diseases relies heavily on disinfection, a crucial barrier against pathogenic microorganisms. Electrochemical disinfection (ED) has emerged as a widely studied and implemented approach for effectively neutralizing these harmful microorganisms in water and wastewater. This is primarily due to ED's simplicity, efficiency, and environmentally friendly nature. This review provides a concise overview of ED's fundamental mechanisms and systematically examines the targeted species. Furthermore, we comprehensively explore the explore the actual employment of ED in dealing with water and wastewater. Lastly, we discuss the potential for combining ED with other technologies and synergies, laying the groundwork for future engineering advancements. The literature primarily focuses on various ED methods for eliminating pathogens. Still, there is limited understanding of how process variables and reactor design impact the effectiveness of pathogen kills. The microbial killing mechanisms of ED, including the role of free radicals and the electric field (EF), are inherently harmful to microorganisms. Additionally, other mechanisms have been proposed to explain the timeframes for implementing ED in different applications. The processes involved in ED can be categorized into four pathways. The first pathway involves oxidative stress and cell death caused by the production of oxidants. The second pathway is the cell membranes' irreparable permeabilization due to the used EF. The third pathway is the electrooxidation of critical cellular components when exposed to electric current or induced EFs. Lastly, the fourth pathway is the electrosorption of negatively charged bacteria onto the anode, pursued by a direct electron transfer reaction. The coming exploration must concentrate on comprehending the impact of EF on ED and implementing safe multi-hurdle methods such as distillation, plasma discharge, nanotechnologies, and membrane processes in industrial settings. Granular activated carbon is recommended as a post-treatment method to reduce the concentrations of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Adsorptive techniques and membrane processes remain promising research areas due to their comparatively small prices and simplicity of application. Further investigations into improving electrochemical reactors and optimizing electrolysis conditions are necessary. Integrating the ED process with different treatment methods guarantees improved disinfection effectiveness, reduced power use, and minimized DBPs. This review encourages combining more than two processes simultaneously or consecutively for better efficiency.
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